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The Ancient Hebrew Lexicon of the Bible
The Ancient Hebrew
Lexicon of the Bible
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Hebrew Letters, Words and
Roots Defined Within Their
Ancient Cultural Context
Jeff A. Benner Cover design by Jeff A. Benner. Ancient Inscription photo taken at the University of
Pennsylvania, Museum of Archeology and Anthropology by the author. The inscription
reads "Sh'ma" meaning hear (see Duet 6.4) and is inscribed on a piece of broken
pottery dated 586 to 450 BCE.
“The Ancient Hebrew Lexicon of the Bible,” by Jeff A. Benner. ISBN 1-58939-776-2.
Published 2005 by Virtualbookworm.com Publishing Inc., P.O. Box 9949, College
Station, TX 77842, US. uf6d92005, Jeff A. Benner. All rights reserved. Any part of this
book may be copied for non-profit educational purposes only, without prior
permission. Printed in the United States of America.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2005932420 Acknowledgments
I would first like to thank my wife Denise for her patience and
encouragement. I am extremely blessed to have been privileged with her
as a gift from above and the one who has been my continual companion
and confidant. She has always supported me in this endeavor and
allowed me the space and time for research and writing. Without her
devotion and inspiration this work would never have come to fruition.
I am also grateful to Dr. Larry S. Hirsch. Without his initial introduction
into Hebrew thought and language and his instruction in Biblical studies
I would never have started this journey into the Ancient Hebrew thought,
culture and language.
Also my friend Michael Calpino who continually supported my studies
in the Hebrew language, listened to my discoveries and assisted me by
working out many word and root origins and meanings.
I would also like to thank the hundreds of people who have supported
my work at the Ancient Hebrew Research Center Website with their
suggestions, corrections and encouragement.
There are also many great Hebrew scholars who, with their research and
work, have laid the foundations for me and others interested in the
Hebrew culture and language who are much deserving of our thanks. The Ancient Hebrew Lexicon of the Bible
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.............................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................8
PURPOSE OF THE LEXICON...........................................................................................8
The written word.....................................................................................................8
The word meaning...................................................................................................8
Where is the Hebrew?.............................................................................................8
The original Hebrew...............................................................................................8
PERSPECTIVE OF THE LEXICON.....................................................................................9
WEBSITE....................................................................................................................10
ANCIENT HEBREW THOUGHT............................................................................11
ABSTRACT AND CONCRETE........................................................................................11
APPEARANCE AND FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTIONS........................................................12
STATIC AND DYNAMIC...............................................................................................13
THE ANCIENT HEBREW ALPHABET.................................................................14
EVOLUTION OF THE HEBREW ALPHABET...................................................................14
THEAYIN AND GHAH.................................................................................................16
One Word - Two Meanings....................................................................................16
Greek Transliterations of the Ghah.......................................................................17
Impact on Ancient Hebrew Studies........................................................................17
THESAMECH,SHIN AND SIN......................................................................................18
RECONSTRUCTION OF THE ORIGINAL HEBREW ALPHABET.........................................18
Letter Characteristics............................................................................................19
THE RECONSTRUCTED ALPHABET...................................................................20
AL..............................................................................................................................20
BET............................................................................................................................21
GAM...........................................................................................................................22
DAL............................................................................................................................22
HEY............................................................................................................................23
WAW..........................................................................................................................23
ZAN............................................................................................................................24
HHETS........................................................................................................................25
THET..........................................................................................................................25
YAD...........................................................................................................................26
KAPH.........................................................................................................................26
LAM...........................................................................................................................27
4 The Ancient Hebrew Lexicon of the Bible
MAH...........................................................................................................................27
NUN...........................................................................................................................28
SIN.............................................................................................................................28
AYIN..........................................................................................................................29
PEY............................................................................................................................29
TSAD..........................................................................................................................30
QUPH.........................................................................................................................30
RESH..........................................................................................................................31
SHIN...........................................................................................................................31
TAW...........................................................................................................................32
GHAH.........................................................................................................................32
HEBREW ALPHABET CHART.......................................................................................33
THE HEBREW ROOT SYSTEM.............................................................................34
PARENTROOTS..........................................................................................................34
CHILD ROOTS.............................................................................................................34
ADOPTED ROOTS........................................................................................................35
RECONSTRUCTION OF ROOTS.....................................................................................36
THE HEBREW LANGUAGE...................................................................................37
VERBS........................................................................................................................37
Person...................................................................................................................37
Number..................................................................................................................37
Gender...................................................................................................................37
Tense.....................................................................................................................37
Voice......................................................................................................................38
Mood.....................................................................................................................38
Verb Conjugations.................................................................................................38
NOUNS.......................................................................................................................39
Noun Derivatives...................................................................................................39
Feminine Derivatives............................................................................................39
Combination Derivatives.......................................................................................39
Plural Nouns.........................................................................................................39
Grammatical Tools................................................................................................40
DETERMINING THE ORIGINAL MEANING OF HEBREW WORDS.....................................40
LETTER EVOLUTION...................................................................................................41
ANCIENTHEBREW PRONUNCIATION..........................................................................42
Spirants and Stops.................................................................................................42
Vowels...................................................................................................................42
Syllables................................................................................................................42
Masoretic Vowels..................................................................................................43
Transliterations.....................................................................................................44
LEXICON FORMAT..................................................................................................45
PARENT AND ADOPTED ROOT FORMAT......................................................................45
CHILD ROOT FORMAT................................................................................................46
5 The Ancient Hebrew Lexicon of the Bible
WORDFORMAT..........................................................................................................47
THE LEXICON...........................................................................................................49
PARENT AND CHILD ROOTS.......................................................................................50
Al...........................................................................................................................50
Bet.........................................................................................................................62
Gam.......................................................................................................................77
Dal.........................................................................................................................88
Hey......................................................................................................................100
Waw.....................................................................................................................107
Zan.......................................................................................................................109
Hhets...................................................................................................................117
Thet......................................................................................................................134
Yad.......................................................................................................................140
Kaph....................................................................................................................144
Lam......................................................................................................................155
Mah.....................................................................................................................165
Nun......................................................................................................................179
Sin........................................................................................................................193
Ayin.....................................................................................................................206
Pey.......................................................................................................................218
Tsad.....................................................................................................................229
Quph....................................................................................................................241
Resh.....................................................................................................................253
Shin......................................................................................................................271
Taw......................................................................................................................289
Ghah....................................................................................................................296
ADOPTED ROOTS (THREE LETTER)...........................................................................301
Al.........................................................................................................................301
Bet.......................................................................................................................303
Gam.....................................................................................................................312
Dal.......................................................................................................................320
Zan.......................................................................................................................324
Hhets...................................................................................................................329
Thet......................................................................................................................348
Kaph....................................................................................................................351
Lam......................................................................................................................361
Mah.....................................................................................................................366
Nun......................................................................................................................373
Sin........................................................................................................................388
Ayin.....................................................................................................................399
Pey.......................................................................................................................413
Tsad.....................................................................................................................424
Quph....................................................................................................................431
Resh.....................................................................................................................440
Shin......................................................................................................................451
6 The Ancient Hebrew Lexicon of the Bible
Taw......................................................................................................................469
Ghah....................................................................................................................472
ADOPTED ROOTS (FOUR LETTER).............................................................................474
FOREIGN WORDS.....................................................................................................481
INDEXES...................................................................................................................483
ENGLISH DEFINITIONS..............................................................................................483
KINGJAMES TRANSLATION......................................................................................505
STRONG'SNUMBER..................................................................................................555
ALTERNATIVE SPELLINGS........................................................................................577
NOTES.......................................................................................................................612
7 The Ancient Hebrew Lexicon of the Bible
Introduction
Purpose of the Lexicon
In order to demonstrate the need for an Ancient Hebrew lexicon let us examine the
word (cid:80)(cid:80)(cid:73) (halel), how it is written and what it means.
The written word
The Hebrew word (cid:80)(cid:80)(cid:73), as it appears here, in Hebrew dictionaries and in Hebrew
Bibles, is written with the Modern Hebrew script. But where did the Modern Hebrew
script come from? Hebrew was originally written with a pictographic script similar to
Egyptian Hieroglyphs but, when Israel was taken into captivity in Babylon they
adopted the Aramaic script of the region and used it to write Hebrew. The Modern
Hebrew script used today is in fact Aramaic in origin, not Hebrew.
The word meaning
According to Hebrew dictionaries and lexicons the word (cid:80)(cid:80)(cid:73) is translated as "praise".
The Ancient Hebrew language is a concrete oriented language meaning that the
meaning of Hebrew words are rooted in something that can be sensed by the five senses
such as a tree which can be seen, sweet which can be tasted and noise which can be
heard. Abstract concepts such as "praise" have no foundation in the concrete and are a
product of ancient Greek philosophy.
Where is the Hebrew?
If the word (cid:80)(cid:80)(cid:73) is written with the Aramaic script and the definition "praise" is from
the Greek, where is the Hebrew in this word? The purpose of the "Ancient Hebrew
Lexicon of the Bible" is to restore the original Hebrew to the Hebrew language of the
Bible.
The original Hebrew
The word (cid:80)(cid:80)(cid:73) would have been written as (cid:80)(cid:80)(cid:73) in the Early Hebrew script (over 3200
years ago) or as (cid:80)(cid:80)(cid:73) in the Middle Hebrew script (between 3200 and 2500 years ago).
The original pictographic letters of the parent root (cid:80)(cid:73) is a man with his arms raised
"looking" at something spectacular and a shepherd staff that is used to move the flock
8 The Ancient Hebrew Lexicon of the Bible
"toward" a place. When these are combined the idea of "looking toward" something is
represented. The original meaning of (cid:80)(cid:73) is the North Star, a bright light in the night
sky that is "looked toward" to guide one on the journey.
If we are going to read the Bible correctly it must be through the perspective of the
Ancient Hebrews who wrote it, not from a Modern Aramaic or Greek perspective. The
word (cid:80)(cid:80)(cid:73) in its original concrete meaning is a bright light that guides the journey and
we "praise" Yah by looking at him to guide us on our journey through life.
Perspective of the Lexicon
The first and foremost concept that a reader of the Biblical text must learn is that the
ancient Hebrews were products of an eastern culture while you as the reader are the
product of a western culture. These two cultures are as different as oil and vinegar, they
do not mix very well. What may seem rational in our western minds would be
considered irrational to an easterner of an ancient Near East culture. The same is true in
the reverse, what may be rational to an ancient Easterner would be completely irrational
in our western mind.
The authors of the Biblical text are writing from within their culture to those of the
same culture. In order to fully understand the text one needs to understand the culture
and thought processes of the Hebrew people.
All existing Hebrew Lexicons of the Bible convert the vocabulary of the ancient
Hebrews into a vocabulary compatible to our modern western language. The greatest
problem with this is that it promotes western thought when reading the Biblical text. In
this Lexicon the mind of the reader is transformed into an eastern one in order to
understand the text through the eyes of the ancient Hebrews who penned the words of
the Bible.
One of the greatest differences between this lexicon and others is the use of the ancient
pictographic script which Hebrew was originally written in. Because the Ancient
Hebrew language is based on these pictographs, they are used rather than the Modern
Hebrew script.
9 The Ancient Hebrew Lexicon of the Bible
Website
The Ancient Hebrew Lexicon of the Bible has its own website with additional material
and information such as verb charts, listing of Biblical Hebrew words in order of their
frequency, common Hebrew roots and updates to the lexicon and much more. The
author is also available for questions, comments and requests.
Ancient Hebrew Lexicon of the Bible website
http://ahlb.ancient-hebrew.org
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