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Essentials of Ecology
Essentials of Ecology This page intentionally left blank Essentials of Ecology
FIFTH EDITION
G. TYLER MILLER, JR.
SCOTT E. SPOOLMAN
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Essentials of Ecology, 5e © 2009, 2007 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
G. Tyler Miller, Jr. and Scott E. Spoolman
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 11 10 09 08 Brief Contents
Detailed Contents vii 5 Biodiversity, Species Interactions,
and Population Control 100
Preface for Instructors xv
6 The Human Population and Its Impact 122
Learning Skills 1 7 Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity 140
8 Aquatic Biodiversity 162
HUMANS AND SUSTAINABILITY:
AN OVERVIEW SUSTAINING BIODIVERSITY
1 Environmental Problems, Their Causes, 9 Sustaining Biodiversity: The Species
and Sustainability 5 Approach 183
10 Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity:
The Ecosystem Approach 214
SCIENCE, ECOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES,
11 Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity 249
AND SUSTAINABILITY
Supplements S1
2 Science, Matter, Energy, and Systems 28
3 Ecosystems: What Are They Glossary G1
and How Do They Work? 50
Index I1
4 Biodiversity and Evolution 77
v About the Cover Photo
my
mages/Ala
mstock I
MAGES/Co
© JUPITERI
Scarlet Macaw This strikingly beautiful parrot species lives in the subtropical
forests in Central and South America, including Costa Rica, southern Panama, and
the Amazon Basin in Brazil and Peru. They have a lifespan of 30 to 50 years and
eat mostly seeds and fruits. The squawks and screams of these noisy birds can be
heard for long distances throughout the forests. The scarlet macaws are threatened
by their popularity as pets, which is due to their beautiful plumage and affection-
ate ways with humans. Under an international agreement, it is illegal to remove
them from the wild without special permits. However, a number of these rare par-
rots are illegally captured, smuggled from their native habitats to the United States
and Canada, and sold on the black market for thousands of dollars a piece. During
their trip north many of the smuggled birds die from stress and poor care. An even
worse threat for the scarlet macaw is the clear-cutting and fragmentation of much
of its forest habitat, which is taking place at a rapid and increasing rate. For these
reasons, scarlet macaws and a number of other tropical bird species are threatened
with extinction. Detailed Contents
Learning Skills 1
HUMANS AND SUSTAINABILITY:
AN OVERVIEW
1 Environmental Problems,
Their Causes, and Sustainability 5
1-2 How Can Environmentally Sustainable Societies
CORE CASE STUDY Living in an Exponential Age 5 Grow Economically? 10
KEY QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS 6 1-3 How Are Our Ecological Footprints Affecting
1-1 What Is an Environmentally Sustainable the Earth? 12
Society? 6 CASE STUDY China’s New Affluent Consumers 15
1-4 What Is Pollution, and What Can We Do
about It? 16
1-5 Why Do We Have Environmental Problems? 17
CASE STUDY The Environmental Transformation
of Chattanooga, Tennessee 21
INDIVIDUALS MATTER Aldo Leopold’s
Environmental Ethics 22
1-6 What Are Four Scientific Principles
of Sustainability? 23
REVISITING Exponential Growth and
Sustainability 24
SCIENCE, ECOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES,
AND SUSTAINABILITY
2 Science, Matter, Energy,
and Systems 28
CORE CASE STUDY Carrying Out a Controlled
Scientific Experiment 28
KEY QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS 29
2-1 What is Science? 29
SCIENCE FOCUS Easter Island: Some Revisions
to a Popular Environmental Story 31
SuperStock GSSCCloIIEEbNNalCC WEE aFFOOrmCCiUUnSSg TSth3a3et iSstciicesn atinfidc PCroonbsaebnisluitsy ov3e4r
Photo 1 The endangered brown pelican was protected in the first 2-2 What Is Matter? 35
U.S. wildlife refuge in Florida. 2-3 How Can Matter Change? 39
vii 3 Ecosystems: What Are They
and How Do They Work? 50
CORE CASE STUDY Tropical Rain Forests
Are Disappearing 50
KEY QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS 51
3-1 What Is Ecology? 51
SCIENCE FOCUS Have You Thanked the Insects
Today? 54
3-2 What Keeps Us and Other Organisms Alive? 54
3-3 What Are the Major Components of an
Ecosystem? 57
SCIENCE FOCUS Many of the World’s Most
Important Species Are Invisible to Us 61
3-4 What Happens to Energy in an Ecosystem? 61
3-5 What Happens to Matter in an Ecosystem? 65
Hartmut Schwartzbach/Peter Arnold, Inc. 34- 6 BaSHRCSubCEOoisoIVRowtEuIaENSdt i nID CCtTiaEhAovIbN e SFieS GlEOAicrt CmyiSsTe UTreinoUStr7tpi yDic4isWacYt ans aal W tASRnetlahrlud’iiysgnd aU SyFEthn ooEovirrquec?ouol sdetlss 7uy WPa7srtnteoied poCm eanrsrte? ie s 772677
Photo 2 Homeless people in Calcutta India KEY QUESTIONS AND CONCEPTS 78
4-1 What Is Biodiversity and Why Is It
Important? 78
2-4 What Is Energy and How Can It Be 4-2 Where Do Species Come From? 80
Changed? 40 CASE STUDY How Did Humans Become Such
2-5 What Are Systems and How Do They Respond a Powerful Species? 83
to Change? 44 4-3 How Do Geological Processes and Climate
SCIENCE FOCUS The Usefulness of Models 44 Change Affect Evolution? 84
REVISITING The Hubbard Brook Experimental SCIENCE FOCUS Earth Is Just Right for Life
Forest and Sustainability 47 to Thrive 86
SuperStock
Photo 3 Endangered ring-tailed lemur in Madagascar
viii 5-3 What Limits the Growth of Populations? 108
SCIENCE FOCUS Why Are Protected Sea Otters
Making a Slow Comeback? 110
CASE STUDY Exploding White-Tailed Deer
Populations in the United States 114
5-4 How Do Communities and Ecosystems
Respond to Changing Environmental
Conditions? 115
SCIENCE FOCUS How Do Species Replace One
Another in Ecological Succession? 118
REVISITING Southern Sea Otters and
Sustainability 119
6 The Human Population
and Its Impact 122
CORE CASE STUDY Are There Too Many
W. Johnson/Biological Photo Service 66--12 oPKHSWSoCfuEo hpIYUpwEua psNQl? toaMC UFtrEiEtaao1 ?SFcn2n TOt2 yoIKOC 1rePUsN2ee S3SIpon pAHGfllNoreuowD ewC nCLaincoOnegnN ?gttC hh CEeePa 1 TEnS2S ai4tz rhete1h o2H f3 utmhea n
Paul Human Population? 125
Photo 4 Temperate deciduous forest, winter, Rhode Island (USA) CASE STUDY The U.S. Population Is Growing
Rapidly 126
CASE STUDY The United States: A Nation
of Immigrants 129
4-4 How Do Speciation, Extinction, and Human
Activities Affect Biodiversity? 86
SCIENCE FOCUS We Have Developed Two Ways
to Change the Genetic Traits of Populations 88
4-5 What Is Species Diversity and Why Is
It Important? 89
SCIENCE FOCUS Species Richness on Islands 90
4-6 What Roles Do Species Play in Ecosystems? 91
CASE STUDY Cockroaches: Nature’s Ultimate
Survivors 92
CASE STUDY Why Are Amphibians Vanishing? 93
CASE STUDY Why Should We Protect Sharks? 96
REVISITING The American Alligator and
Sustainability 97
5 Biodiversity, Species Interactions, & Associates
and Population Control 100 m Stack
AECKxOErteYRi n TEQch tCUeioAyEn SSB?TEa I OcSk1TN 0UfS0rD oAmYN DStho CeuO tBhNreiCnrEnkP SoTefS a O1t0t1ers: & Victoria Hurst/To
5-1 HSCoIwEN DCEo FSOpCeUciSe sW Inhyte Srhaocut?ld W1e0 1Care About mas Kitchin
Kelp Forests? 104 Tho
5-2 How Can Natural Selection Reduce Photo 5 Sea star species helps to control mussel populations in
Competition between Species? 107 intertidal zone communities in the U.S. Pacific northwest.
ix
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