-
Climate Change and Migration
d
e
z
ri
o
h
ut
A
e A W O R L D B A N K S T U D Y
r
u
s
o
cl
s
Di
c
bli
u
P
d
e
z
ri
o
h
ut
A
e
r
u
s
o
cl
s
Di
c
bli
u
P
d
e
z
ri
o
h Climate Change
ut
A
e
r
u
s
o
cl and Migration
s
Di
c
bli
u
P
EVIDENCE FROM THE MIDDLE EAST
AND NORTH AFRICA
d
e
z
ri
o
h
ut
A
e
r
u
s
o
cl
s
Di
c Quentin Wodon, Andrea Liverani,
bli
u
P George Joseph, and Nathalie Bougnoux
Editors Climate Change and Migration A WORLD BANK STUDY
Climate Change and Migration
Evidence from the Middle East and North Africa
Quentin Wodon, Andrea Liverani, George Joseph,
and Nathalie Bougnoux, Editors
Washington, D.C. © 2014 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433
Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org
Some rights reserved
1 2 3 4 17 16 15 14
World Bank Studies are published to communicate the results of the Bank’s work to the development community
with the least possible delay. The manuscript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the
procedures appropriate to formally edited texts.
This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations,
and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of
Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the
data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this
work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the
endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.
Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immuni-
ties of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved.
Rights and Permissions
This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) http://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, you are free to copy,
distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the following conditions:
Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: Wodon, Quentin, Andrea Liverani, George Joseph, and Nathalie
Bougnoux, eds. 2014. Climate Change and Migration: Evidence from the Middle East and North Africa. World
Bank Studies. Washington, DC: World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-0-8213-9971-2. License: Creative Commons
Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO
Translations—If you create a translation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution:
This translation was not created by The World Bank and should not be considered an official World Bank translation.
The World Bank shall not be liable for any content or error in this translation.
Adaptations—If you create an adaptation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribu-
tion: This is an adaptation of an original work by The World Bank. Responsibility for the views and opinions
expressed in the adaptation rests solely with the author or authors of the adaptation and are not endorsed by The
World Bank.
Third-party content—The World Bank does not necessarily own each component of the content contained within
the work. The World Bank therefore does not warrant that the use of any third-party-owned individual com-
ponent or part contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of those third parties. The risk of claims
resulting from such infringement rests solely with you. If you wish to re-use a component of the work, it is your
responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that re-use and to obtain permission from the
copyright owner. Examples of components can include, but are not limited to, tables, figures, or images.
All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to the Publishing and Knowledge Division, The World Bank,
1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org.
ISBN (paper): 978-0-8213-9971-2
ISBN (electronic): 978-0-8213-9972-9
DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-9971-2
Cover photo: Young women fetching water from a well in Taroudant Province, Morocco. © Julio Etchart / The World
Bank. Used with permission. Further permission required for reuse.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Climate change and migration : evidence from the Middle East and North Africa / edited by Quentin Wodon,
Andrea Liverani, George Joseph, and Nathalie Bougnoux.
pages cm
“World Bank Study.”
ISBN 978-0-8213-9971-2—ISBN 978-0-8213-9972-9
1. Migration, Internal—Environmental aspects—Middle East. 2. Migration, Internal—Environmental aspects—
Africa, North. 3. Climatic changes—Economic aspects—Middle East. 4. Climatic changes—Economic aspects—
Africa, North. 5. Middle East—Environmental conditions. 6. Middle East—Economic conditions. 7. Africa,
North—Environmental conditions. 8. Africa, North—Economic conditions. I. Wodon, Quentin. II. World Bank.
HB2093.3.A3C55 2013
304.80956--dc23 2013015475
Climate Change and Migration • http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-9971-2 Contents
Acknowledgments xi
Overview xiii
Introduction xiii
Perceptions and Impacts of Weather Shocks on Households xv
Coping and Adaptation Strategies xvi
Migration xix
Remittances xxii
Conclusion and Policy Implications xxiii
Note xxvii
Bibliography xxvii
PART 1 Synthesis 1
Chapter 1 Climate Change, Migration, and Adaptation
in the MENA Region 3
Introduction 4
Perceptions about Climate Change and Extreme Weather
Events 8
Migration 13
Remittances 20
Other Coping and Adaptation Strategies 21
Community and Government Programs 27
Conclusion 30
Notes 31
Bibliography 32
PART 2 Focus Countries and Data 37
Chapter 2 Focus Countries 39
Introduction 39
Criteria for the Choice of Focus Countries 40
Algerian Context 43
Egyptian Context 47
Moroccan Context 50
Climate Change and Migration • http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-9971-2 v vi Contents
Syrian Context 53
Yemeni Context 56
Conclusion 59
Notes 59
Bibliography 59
Chapter 3 Data Collection 65
Introduction 65
Household Survey Questionnaire 66
Household Survey Data Collection 68
Qualitative Data Collection 81
Conclusion 86
PART 3 I mpacts, Coping Strategies, and
Adaptation Mechanisms 87
Chapter 4 P erceptions of Climate Change, Weather Shocks,
and Impacts on Households 89
Introduction 89
Data 90
Perceptions of Climate Change 92
Impact on Households 97
Conclusion 103
Annex 4A: Distribution of Perceptions by Quintiles
of the MCA’s First Factor 104
Bibliography 105
Chapter 5 W eather Shocks, Impacts, and Households’
Ability to Recover in Morocco 107
Introduction 107
Data 109
Basic Statistics 110
Correlates of the Likelihood of Shocks and
the Ability to Recover 114
Conclusion 120
Bibliography 120
Chapter 6 H ow Do Households Cope with and Adapt
to Climate Change? 123
Introduction 123
Data and Methodology 124
Household Coping Mechanisms 127
Household Adaptation Strategies 132
Community-Level and Government Responses 139
Conclusion 141
Bibliography 142
Climate Change and Migration • http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-9971-2 Contents vii
PART 4 Climate Change and Migration 143
Chapter 7 D o Changes in Weather Patterns and the
Environment Lead to Migration? 145
Introduction 145
Data 147
Basic Statistics 149
Correlates of Resident and Nonresident Migration 155
Conclusion 160
Annex 7A: Reasons for Migration by Country,
Five Countries Sample 161
Bibliography 162
Chapter 8 C limate-Induced Migration in the MENA Region:
Results from the Qualitative Fieldwork 163
Introduction 163
Rationale for Qualitative Work and Methodology 165
Focus Groups and In-depth Interviews in
Rural (Sending) Areas 170
Focus Groups and In-depth Interviews in
Urban (Receiving) Areas 174
Heterogeneity between Countries in the
Reasons for Migration 179
Interviews with Key Informants: The Example of Morocco 182
Conclusion 184
Annex 8A: Focus Group Discussion and In-depth
Interview Questions in Urban Areas 185
Annex 8B: Focus Group Discussion and In-depth
Interview Questions in Rural Areas 186
Annex 8C: Key Informant Questions for Government
Officials and Nongovernmental Experts 188
Notes 189
Bibliography 189
Chapter 9 I s Climate Change Likely to Lead to Higher Net Internal
Migration? The Republic of Yemen’s Case 191
Introduction 191
Data and Methodology 192
Results 194
Conclusion 202
Bibliography 202
Chapter 10 E xtreme Weather Events and Migration: The Case
of Morocco 205
Introduction 205
Climate Change and Migration • http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-9971-2 viii Contents
Data 206
Basic Statistics 208
Correlates of the Probability of Migration 213
Conclusion 217
Bibliography 218
PART 5 Remittances 221
Chapter 11 D o Remittances Reach Households Living in Unfavorable
Climate Areas? Evidence from the Republic of Yemen 223
Introduction 223
Data and Methodology 225
Results 234
Conclusion 236
Notes 237
Bibliography 237
Chapter 12 D oes the Impact of Remittances on Poverty and Human
Development Depend on the Climate of Receiving Areas? 241
Introduction 241
Data and Methodology 243
Results 244
Conclusion 250
Bibliography 251
Boxes
8.1 Testimony from a Rural Respondent in Algeria 171
8.2 Testimony from an Urban Respondent in the Republic
of Yemen 176
Figure
3.1 Sampling Methodology for the Household Surveys 75
Maps
3.1 Map of the Selected Area for the Household Survey in Algeria 69
3.2 Map of the Selected Area for the Household Survey in the
Arab Republic of Egypt 70
3.3 Maps of the Selected Area for the Household Survey in Morocco 71
3.4 Map of the Selected Area for the Household Survey
in the Syrian Arab Republic 72
3.5 Map of the Selected Area for the Household Survey
in the Republic of Yemen 73
Climate Change and Migration • http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-9971-2
Please note: To fully download this free PDF,EBook files you need know All free.Found by internet command,site not saved pdf file -
You May Also Like
Related PPT Template in the same category.
-
HotFree download PDF Scarcity and surfeit : the ecology of Africa's conflicts - Disasters and
-
HotFree download PDF Environmental Engineering FOURTH EDITION
-
HotFree download PDF An unauthorized biography of Dana White
-
HotFree download PDF Fifty Years of Invasion Ecology - LEG/UFPR
-
HotFree download PDF Sociological Perspectives on Global Climate Change
-
HotFree download PDF A Walk in the Woods: Rediscovering America on the Appalachian Trail